Back ground & Aim: Preservation of tooth vitality is one of the most important tasks for clinicians dealing with exposed teeth. Several different materials have been used for pulp capping in recent years with calcium hydroxide being of the most Due to pathologic complication in the pulp following the are of Ca(OH)2, this investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of MTA on pulp reaction following pulp capping procedure. Method & Material: Calcium Hydroxide (Dycal) was used for direct pulp cap ping of II human maxillary third molar teeth with intentional exposure as control group. The same number of teeth was capped using MTA using the same condition. Results: Results showed that the dentinal bridge was thicker in cases treated with MTA with a clearly milder inflammation in pulp of the teeth treated by MTA. Conclusion: MTA could be used as an acceptable material for pulp capping of exposed permanent teeth.

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue responses to Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium hydroxide (CH) used as direct pulp capping (DPC) materials in cat teeth.Materials and Methods: 72 premolar teeth of 9 cats were selected and divided into 3 groups (Two experimental and one control group). After the cats had been anesthetized, the teeth were exposed and capped directly with OCP, CH or no capping material as control group. The cavities of all three groups were filled with Glass ionomer cement (GI). Histological evaluations were performed at two, four and eight weeks after pulp capping. After tissue preparation procedures, paraffin blocks were prepared. After preparation and staining of the sections, the relevant variables were measured by optical microscope. The results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests (a=0.05).Results: Two weeks after pulp capping, all specimens in three groups showed mild to sever inflammation. The formation of hard tissues (dentinal bridge) initiated in the exposed areas of the experimental groups was more noticeable for calcium hydroxide than that of octacalcium phosphate group, These differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). At four weeks, hard tissues were observed in both groups which were more evident for the CH group and there were statistically significant differences between two experimental groups (p<0.003). At eight weeks, continuous hard tissues were observed in both groups and there were no statistically significant differences between them (P>0.05), but hard tissues continuity were better for in the OCP than that of the CH.Conclusion: It seems that the formation of hard tissue in CH because of its porosities had a worse percentage in sealing of the pulp than the OCP.

Background and Aim: Regardless of calcium hydroxide use as a pulp capping material, in many cases the results were questionable and unsuccessful. Recently the Portland cement has been introduced as a pulp capping material.The aim of this study was to compare the histological changes of cat's dental pulp after capping with calcium hydroxide and Portland cement.Methods & Materials: This study was experimentally done with histological observation. Ten healthy adults and coeval cats were selected. After keeping them in standard condition for two weeks, class III cavities on distal of canine teeth were prepared and the pulp was exposed. In each jaw, one pulp was covered with calcium hydroxide A and the other treated with Portland cement B. Two cats were sacrificed after one week and the others were sacrificed after two months. Samples were assessed for severity of inflammation, dentinal bridge formation, necrosis, hyperemia and calcification. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.Result: In one week, samples were similar to each other. After two months, dentinal bridge formation was found in 3 samples (20 percent) of group A and in 9 samples (60 percent) of group B. Inflammation was seen in 13 pulps (86.7 percent) of group A and 6 pulps (40 percent) of group B. Necrosis areas in group A were found in 10 pulps (66.7 percent) and in 5 samples (33.3 percent) of group B. Calcification was seen in 4 pulps (26.7 percent) of group A and in 6 samples of group B. Also odontoblastic layer was seen in 3 samples (20 percent) of each group.Conclusion: Portland cement showed more dentinal bridge formation, less inflammation and necrosis in comparison with that of calcium hydroxide when used as a pulp capping material (p< 0.05).

Objective(s): Biocompatibility of dental biomaterials plays a critical role in regeneration of dental stem cells. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of novel biomaterials of TheraCal-LC (TheraCal; Bisco), Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM; BioniqueDent), and Biodentine (Septodont) on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Moreover, the recruitment of dental pulp stem cells is a prerequisite for regeneration of damaged dentin. Therefore, in this study the effects of mentioned biomaterials on migration of hDPSCs and the secretion of some chemoattractive molecules by these cells were examined. Materials and Methods: The cell viability of hDPSCs was assessed using MTT assay. Transwell migration assay was used to determine cell migration ability. The cytokine secretion was evaluated using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results: The biomaterials of MTA, CEM, and Biodentine at different dilutions had no cytotoxic effects on hDPSCs at different time points; however, non-diluted extract of TheraCal showed toxic effects after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Meanwhile, the highest cell migration was observed in the presence of CEM and Biodentine (P<0. 05). The secretion of MCP-1 and TGF-β 1 were higher in hDPSCs treated with Biodentine compared to some other groups (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Moreover, TheraCal decreased protein secretion of TNF-α (P<0. 05), and IL-8 (P<0. 01) in hDPSCs. Conclusion: The biological compatibility associated with CEM and Biodentine indicates promising applications in the field of vital pulp therapy.

Statement of the Problem: Direct pulp capping (DPC) is an established method in which the exposed pulp is coated with a suitable material to prevent further damage and to help its repair and healing. Different proposed materials may have different impact on pulp response during this treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the response of human dental pulp after DPC with calcium-enriched mixture (CEM), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement, and Biodentine. Materials and Method: In this clinical trial study, class V cavities were prepared on the buc-cal surfaces of 30 human premolar teeth, until the pulps were mechanically exposed. Then, teeth were randomly pulp capped with MTA, CEM cement and Biodentine, followed by resin modified glass ionomer filling. The fourth group was the control group (n= 10), in which the teeth were extracted without any prior intervention. Six weeks after the intervention, the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological evaluation in terms of the type and degree of pulp inflammation, dentin bridge formation and the presence of necrosis. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. Results: In all groups, necrosis was not observed and inflammation was chronic. The Bio-dentine group exhibited significantly more pulpal inflammation compared with the other groups (p= 0. 001). There were no significant differences among CEM cement, MTA and Biodentine in terms of the dentine bridge formation. The thickness of the dentin bridge formed in the Biodentine group was significantly higher than MTA and control group (p= 0. 035 and p= 0. 011, respectively). Conclusion: Although the dentin bridge formation and the thickness of dentin bridge formed in the Biodentine group were higher than the other groups, pulp showed greater inflammation compared to CEM cement and MTA. The results of this study suggested that MTA and CEM cement performed better when employed as the direct pulp capping material.

Introduction: This investigation evaluates the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium enriched mixture (CEM) as pulp capping materials on dental pulp tissues.Materials and Methods: The experimental procedures were performed on eighteen intact dog canine teeth. The pulps were exposed. Cavities were randomly filled with CEM, MTA, or CH followed by glass ionomer filling. After 2 months, animals were sacrificed, each tooth was sectioned into halves, and the interface between each capping material and pulp tissue was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in profile view of the specimens. Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis.Results: Dentinal bridge formation as the most characteristic reaction was resulted from SEM observation in all examined groups. Odontoblast-like cells were formed and create dens collagen network, which was calcified gradually by deposition of calcosphirit structures to form newly dentinal bridge No significant difference was detected between studied groups.Conclusion: Based on the results of this in vivo study, it was concluded that these test materials are able to produce calcified tissue in underlying pulp in the case of being used as a pulp capping agent. Additionally, it appears that CEM has the potential to be used as a direct pulp capping material during vital pulp therapy.

Crown re-attachment is the most conservative treatment that can be used to restore fractured tooth, even in an emergency situation. The re-attachment maintains original contour and incisal translucency of the tooth, and reduces the chair time and cost. In case of crown fracture with pin-point pulp exposure, irritation to the pulp should be minimised and consideration must be taken for pre-treatment pulpal status, choice of pulp capping material, choice of bonding system and treatment sequence during crown re-attachment procedures. This article reported a crown fracture case with pin-point pulp exposure that was treated using crown re-attachment with direct pulp capping. At two-year follow-up, the tooth was asymptomatic, remained functional, vital, and the appearance of restoration was acceptable with no colour change to the crown.

2Background and purpose: Regenerative treatments in endodontics are biological treatments to manage immature teeth, remove inflamed and necrotic tissue, and create a suitable environment for tissue repair. In these treatments, substances with reparative properties of dental pulp and dentin are placed on the pulpal tissue. Interleukin-6 is one of the cytokines secreted in response to various immune activities of the body and studies have demonstrated its vital role in mineralization induction and hard tissue formation. Recently, calcium silicate-based materials have been widely implemented in dentistry due to their great biocompatibility and hard tissue formation induction. Considering the role of IL-6 in the regulation of stem cells, the purpose of this study is to compare the effect of CEM cement, Biodentine, TheraCal LC, and MTA on the level of IL-6 secretion by dental pulp stem cells. Materials and methods: In this laboratory study, 4 types of cement were used as the main groups, and 1 control group contained culture medium without cement. Discs were prepared under sterile conditions in six-well plates with a diameter of 35 mm and a height of 2 mm and they were given time to set for 48 hours. Human pulp stem cells were obtained from Iran's Center for Biological Resources and cultured in a culture medium containing DMEM with 15% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 units/ml) as antibiotics. Pulp stem cells at passages 3-5 were used for experiments. Discs of each cement were prepared under sterile conditions and according to the manufacturer's instructions. To prepare the extract of each cement, the DMEM cell culture medium was placed near these discs for 24 hours. Then, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were cultured in the vicinity of the disc extract for 72 hours. After that, this extract was collected and the level of IL-6 secretion in it was measured by the ELISA method. The experiments were repeated 3 times. Then the obtained data were entered into SPSS 16 software and analyzed using analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The results showed that the highest level of IL-6 secretion by cells was in the presence of TheraCal LC, Biodentine, and CEM, respectively; But there was no significant difference between the groups. The average level of IL-6 secretion in the presence of MTA was lower than in other groups and this difference was significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed a lower level of IL-6 cytokine secretion by pulpal stem cells in the presence of MTA compared to TheraCal, CEM, and Biodentine types of cement. Considering the role that IL-6 can have in osteogenic and odontogenic activities, the results of this study can be useful in establishing information in the field of introducing the most suitable cements for clinical procedures.